Gardening to Distraction

Hoaky, huh, but it's true.

When I started recycling a couple of years ago, I was amazed that more than half my daily garbage was reusable paper refuse.

When I then removed items that could be composted, I went from one of those hungamunga green garbage cans I could hardly wrestle down my driveway to a dainty one almost a third of that size - and my little toy kitchen raised bed garden started to have healthier plants, too.

Compost is nothing more than organic matter that's been allowed, and encouraged, to break down into humus or what gardeners call "black gold." Compost is how farmers return nutrients to the soil and make sure their ground is ready to grow specific crops

If you're gardening around here, you can get a soil test through University of Missouri Extension offices so you know what kind of amendments you need to add to your soil. Since we're lucky to have 2-4 inches of good top soil in this area, I figure anything I add to my hilly garden has to be good.

The first concern I hear about compost is smell. There are several ways to easily manage that:

1. Keep a plastic bag in a freezer bin and toss compost-bound materials in there. When the bag is full, take it out to the composter.

2. Get a self-enclosed composter. I like the ones that have a handle on the side so they can easily be turned. Closed composters keep wildlife out and manage odors. Or try the Dr. Stevie black bag composting technique, named after my youngest brother who one summer had a gold mine of composted leaves when he forgot he had bagged them the fall before and piled them behind his gardening shed.

 If you have wildlife or neighborhood pets,  don't expect them to respect plastic. My brother's cucumber-ravaging bunny rabbits chewed a hole in one of his black bags after we tossed watermelon rinds in
.
3. Use odors to tell you when you don't have the right combination of brown materials and green materials. If you have the right combination, the compost mixture should not smell. You basically need equal parts of brown leaves, grass clippings and kitchen scraps sprinkled with water and regularly mixed or tumbled.

Compost needs warm weather to work but I still drag my buckets of material to my composters through winter. Although nothing is breaking down when it's cold, the composters are all set when weather does start warming up.

You can compost a variety of things including egg shells; fruit and vegetable peels and related left overs, but not seeds. Well, go ahead and toss seeds into a composter when its warm. I'm guessing that's how the Jack In the Bean Stalk fairy tale story got started!

You can also compost straw, grass, leaves, dryer lint, hair and shredded newspaper.
 
Do not compost meat, poop or bones.

If you're just starting to compost, invest in a pair of kitchen chicken-cutting scissors.  Mine live in the drying rack in my sink so I can easily access them when I'm cooking.

I save organic leftovers in a bowl; when I'm through cooking, part of the clean up is to use the scissors to cut all organic matter into small pieces. It takes up less storage space that way, and decomposes faster

When compost turns black and crumbly, it's ready to add to your garden soil.

Once you get into a routine, I'll bet you'll be surprised at how much less you have in your garbage,  and how much better your garden is growing.
















Charlotte Ekker Wiggins shares gardening and beekeeping adventures from her limestone MO hill. Copyright 2012 all rights reserved.




 

Gardening catalogs are starting to show up in my mailbox.  They're a good reminder that one of the advantages of being a gardener is that you don't really have to grow up.
By that I mean you're encouraged to try new seeds and plants, and to test new techniques and toys - oops tools, I meant tools.

Unfortunately for gadget manufacturers, I'm not too drawn to newfangled gardening accessories, probably because gardening on a Missouri limestone hill means a pick ax is the main, and sometimes only, gardening tool that will work.

The following is my list of top things to try this year:

1. Composting. I like the tumbler-type plastic composters with a side handle for easy turning. I also have a table top Nature Mill composter in my garage. I collect compost material in a bag in my freezer, then move it outside when the bag is full. It's amazing to me how composting reduces the amount of garbage. Colleagues in my business office also have been kind enough to help save coffee grounds and fruit peelings. In return, I bring in fresh flowers for our coffee break room and amend my raised bed kitchen garden.

2. Start vegetable garden seeds a little earlier than end February. I'm still trying to decide how to protect lettuce seedlings in my deck pots, maybe plastic over the top will work.

3. Conserve water. I'm amazed at how much my rain barrels collect during rain storms; and then how happier my plants seem to be when watered with
rain water.

4. Use  soaker hoses to minimize water runoff; add a timer to your irrigation system so you don't forget to turn it off.

5. Make a concerted effort not to use pesticides. Today there are more earth-friendly and safe alternatives. take a little extra time to read labels and learn about non-traditional options like spraying plants with hot pepper-infused water. Being less critical of a less than perfect
flower also helps!

6. Create an inviting habitat for garden visitors by providing food, water and shelter for birds, butterflies and other pollinators like bees. Birds are natural predators, and pollinators will help your garden have more produce.

7. Mow less grass; expand flower beds.

8. Add fruit-bearing shrubs and compact fruit trees. They're not only pretty when in bloom but can provide you with fresh fruit.

9. Plant more low maintenance native flowers. Rolla area is in USDA zone 5B. Natives require less water and will adapt faster; some have long blooming seasons like black-eyed susans.

10. Don't toss out those green tomatoes you finally grew. Try ripening them by storing in a cool, dark place in a brown bag with an apple. They don't have as much flavor as vine-ripened
tomatoes but they are still better than winter, store bought ones!


Which one of these have you tried already?







Charlotte Ekker Wiggins is a master gardener sharing gardening adventures in and around her Missouri wildlife garden. 

Copyright 2012, all rights reserved.

Do you like to make New Year's resolutions?

I don't either so I don't make traditional ones. I like to think of the new year in terms of doing something new.

I've always loved corn in the cob so 1998 was the year I tried barbecued corn and developed my own favorite corn muffin recipe. Nothing personal but even though I tried several different combinations, there's something not quite right about grits.

That was also the year I tried to grow corn in a new, sloping plot in back of my house. Actually I did grow it, only to have raccoons decimate the whole crop the first night the corn was ripe. Raccoons and deer were amazingly efficient, the little plot looked like a tornado had ripped through it. I still want to know how they knew the corn was ready for picking.

I was left with a lovely supply of corn stalks and corn husks so I used them, and dried flowers, to decorate outside wreaths around my house. That is, until the morning I opened my front door and I found two deer standing several steps up on my deck calmly having breakfast as they took my wreath apart.

Over the years, several habits have developed from having yearly themes. Not that I need another reason but having a theme gives me a place to start when shopping for books.  I also go out of my way to watch theme-related TV shows and movies, sometimes traveling to a related place or event.

Last year, for example, started out as the year of honeybees and ended up being the year of honey.

When I adopted two bee hives two years ago, the idea was to have bees pollinate my flowers and vegetables with no intention of ever harvesting honey. Beginning beekeepers are forewarned it could take several years before their honeybees produce extra honey so I was counting on at least 2-3 years before having to decide what to do with any extra.

Bees need about 70 lbs of honey per hive to make it through winter. One of my hives this past year ended up producing several hundred pounds of extra honey so I not only taught myself how to harvest honey by hand, but I bottled it to sell and for gifts.

My brother, who received my first-ever harvested honey for his birthday, gave me a coupon for Christmas for an electric honey extractor so I will be shopping for one before the next honey harvesting season, assuming my bees have another good year.

Both hives seem to be doing fine so far. With the warm weather we've been having, it's easy to spot them moving around on the white styrofoam suits I have winterizing the hives. Bees don't hibernate; they bunch up inside the hive and keep it very warm while eating honey they've stored. If the hive gets too cold, bees can't use their delicate wings and can literally die millimeters from honey.

Starting the new year with something new doesn't have to be complicated.

Take parking my car in my garage. Years ago, I installed my old kitchen cabinets around my garage, including my old kitchen sink - to make gardening storage room. It was wonderful until the motor burned out in my VW and I had to shop for a new car - couldn't be more than 17 feet long or it wouldn't fit. My Honda Fastback fits like a glove, as long as I accurately "guess" the distance between the cabinet and closing garage door, and don't place anything in front of the cabinets.

My car and I are starting the new year with a tennis ball tied to a string at the point where I have to stop the car in the garage before I take out the cabinets.

Should also stop my having to explain the dents on the side of the hive boxes, my bees are not taking their hives out for a joy ride...happy new year!


Charlotte Ekker Wiggins is a master gardener and writes about gardening in and around her Missouri wildlife garden. 

Copyright 2012, all rights reserved

Bet you can guess what my family and friends are getting for Christmas this year.

It's not just any honey - it's my first batch, successfully harvested and bottled in spite of all I didn't know about what I was doing!

According to the IRS, harvesting honey officially makes me a "bee farmer" and, be still my heart, requires that I fill out a new tax schedule.

You'd think I would be a honey farmer since what I harvest is not bees but I'm not about to argue.

It does explain one of the comments I heard a couple of years ago at a Mid-Missouri Beekeepers Association meeting. The experienced backyard beekeeper said raising bees was "just like raising cattle only the guy who spends $10,000 on a bull is not as hurt as a beekeeper loosing a queen."

Can you find the queen in this photo? She's bigger than the rest....

The queen is the only egg-layer in the colony and without her, the colony is literally lost. Whereas a worker bee lives only for 45 days, a queen bee can live 4-5 years, assuming nothing untoward happens to her, and she sets the tone for the colony's production, and success.

I lost a couple of queens this past year; no one is sure why. My well-intentioned experiment of letting the bees raise their own queen after the first one disappeared resulted only in a wax moth infestation, which I had to try to manually clean out once a week. Wax moths are sold by the pound in bird food catalogs but they look like wriggling Jabba the Huts and are amazingly destructive for being so tiny.

I didn't have much luck with the second queen, she died on the way to the hive.
 
The third one, I hope, is wintering over nicely with the rest of the all-female colony. By now worker bees have found and tossed out the male bees, or drones, to reduce colony numbers so they can bunch up in the center of the hive and survive eating their own honey stores. The boy bees are escorted out because they do nothing more than wait to mate with the queen; the colony will grow new drones when spring comes.

I didn't cook or any way alter my honey; it's the way it came out of the hive, which means it may become cloudy from pollen.

If it's kept in temperatures below 70F, it may also crystalize on the bottom - proof that it's unpasteurized, real honey but a new concept for some people used to imported, diluted and processed honey.

Cooking removes all good enzymes.

I also added honey comb to my honey bottles. There's something intriguing about seeing a piece of the perfectly-created comb bees make floating in honey - and it's a delicious treat, too.

To help my bees make it through winter, I added hive top feeders so I can easily give them sugar water, or a little honey, every few weeks. This way they can move in and out of the feeders from inside the hive, which means less chance their little delicate wings will freeze from exposure.

I also added insulation to the hives, duct-taping 2-inch wide styrofoam pieces and leaving openings at the front, and at the top, of the back of the hives.

I was feeling pretty good about the insulation until my handyman said two scrappers had been in the neighborhood asking if I had two old refrigerators I wanted hauled off.

Reminded me of the days when I was on the City Council and the city would periodically get reports I was growing grass - the green, lawn kind - over the 12-inch maximum. It only took the city one visit to my garden to see I don't believe, nor do I grow grass - but it became an early warning system that one of my votes had ticked someone off.

Well, part of me hopes word does get around that besides bees, I'm now planting old kitchen appliances. It's a great way to keep the neighborhood watch on its toes!

Here's to you having an equally sweet holiday with family and friends - Merry Christmas!












Charlotte Ekker Wiggins is a master gardener and writes about gardening in and around her Missouri wildlife garden. 

Copyright 2011, all rights reserved.

PS the queen honeybee is the upper left hand corner of the photo, darker and bigger than the rest!

If you've always wanted to head a community garden effort, there's an area group trying to get another community garden started.

The idea, as presented to a recent Phelps County Master Gardener meeting, is to establish a community garden manned by volunteers that would benefit both low income families and church pantries.

This is Rolla, Missouri's third, maybe fourth attempt to get a public space set aside to plant, and to share, locally-grown fruits and vegetables.

It's a great idea; now let's figure out how to make this one a success.
 
Take water, for example. Rolla's Veteran's Park off Highway 72 didn't fare so well without easy to access, on-site regular watering. Rain barrels and ponds will work only as well as their easy access. With record hot  summer temperatures, there's also no guarantee there will be uphill pond water left when water is needed most.
I'm assuming the pond would be uphill; gravity would help more easily get water to garden beds. Bottom line is there needs to be a constant and reliable source of water.

Another critical element is well-preparing soil prior to planting. There's a good reason why Rolla originally was almost called "Hardscrabble," we're lucky to have 2" of good top soil. Getting real soil, and amending it so that it can support a vegetable garden, could easily take a year before a seed should be planted. Soil elements need time to break down and season before they are ready to grow anything.

When I recently was in Maplewood, Missouri, I happened to visit a charming
community garden with a ready water source.

The garden was part of a neighborhood watch with regular meetings and planned events.

It was also
at the corner of a busy intersection, which reminded me that around here,
any successful community garden will require fencing to keep wildlife, and others, from plundering.

Successful community gardens also have manpower who benefit from the hard work. Groups like Master Naturalists and Master Gardeners can provide training on how to garden; Boy Scouts may periodically help on a specific project but the garden itself needs a dedicated group of nearby volunteers who will regularly visit, work, and learn, from the garden.

Earlier this summer, I visited St. James' Community Garden, right off the downtown area. What struck me, besides the charming arbors, was the long list of contributors. A good community garden needs someone organized o tend the garden and to get not only volunteers but donations as well.

My thanks to Master Gardener Laura Lackey, who did some research on community gardens. There's a national association that holds workshops and offers assistance: American Community Garden Association | 1777 East Broad Street, Columbus, Ohio 43203-2040 http://communitygarden.org/index.php\

So how about it - are you interested in pulling together Rolla's community garden?

Contact Bruce Wade, Fit Helps Coordinator,The Community Partnership (wk) 573-368-2849 (cell) 573-578-4912.

 

Charlotte Ekker Wiggin is a master gardener and writes about gardening in and around her Missouri wildlife garden. 

Copyright 2011, all rights reserved.

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My friend Paul in Washington DC has a wacky sense of humor.  When he led one of his recent emails with "don't look now but your honey has been laundered," I thought he was sending me a link to some weird news story about a beehive making it through a car wash.

The link was to Food Safety New's early November 2011 findings that 3/4rths of imported honey sold in grocery stores doesn't qualify as honey.

As I understand the issue, it boils down to detectable pollen, which means the honey source can be identified. In the U.S., the Food and Drug Administration says any product that's been ultra-filtered and no longer contains pollen isn't honey.

Ultra filtering is a high-tech procedure where honey is heated, sometimes watered down with corn syrup, table sugar or water; then forced at high pressure through extremely tiny filters to remove pollen, which is the only foolproof way to identify the honey source. It is a spin-off of a Chinese technique, who have "illegally dumped tons of their honey - some containing illegal antibiotics - on the U.S. market for years," according to Food Safety News.

When I first started beekeeping two years ago, I frankly had no intention of harvesting honey; I just wanted honeybees pollinating my garden.
 
When one of my hives started making extra honey, I decided it was a good opportunity to harvest and I removed honey from one of my hives at three different times.

I chose to bottle the honey "raw," or uncooked, the way it comes straight out of the hive, to preserve healthy enzymes.

Once stored in glass, some of the honey can become cloudy. Nothing wrong with the honey but we're used to buying cooked honey, which eliminates natural enzymes that reportedly help with developing immunity to allergies but keeps honey clear.

Honey can also be different colors depending on when it is harvested, and what kind of pollen bees have been bringing back to the hive.

Early honey tends to be lighter; honey harvested later in the season, like the honey in the jar in photo, tends to be darker and should have a different flavor.

Through sheer luck, I also bottled raw honey with comb harvested at just the right time, before the comb becomes hard. I love the way the bottle looks with a piece of comb floating in the honey; it's also a great treat to chew.

Comb honey is more expensive because it means honeybees have to rebuild comb next year before laying eggs or storing honey; it can also be a challenge to harvest at the right time so it takes more time to manage.
 
Comb honey in some areas is at the forefront of rapidly changing honey prices. With the continued demise of both honeybees and wild bees, which together contribute to 90% of our food sources, the price of honey is on the rise.

During the Missouri State Beekeepers Association meeting end of October 2011, one of the speakers said comb honey is selling for $10 an ounce in parts of the east coast - compared to $1-$1.75 an ounce around here.

The bottom line is, if you want real honey, buy from a local beekeeper. Like so many other things, prices may be going up but at least you know you're getting real honey and all the benefits associated with it.











Charlotte writes about gardening, bees, and her Missouri wildlife garden. 

Copyright 2011, all rights reserved.

One of my earliest Thanksgiving memories is sitting outside a principal's office, waiting for my Mom.
We had recently moved back from South America and, as part of a history assignment, I had written about what we had been taught about Thanksgiving, which had a heavy emphasis on the role of Native Americans and corn.
This was the late 1960s. Although I'm not "that old", I'm going to risk saying "in those days" US Thanksgiving history was all about adventurous swash-buckling Englishmen single-handedly leaping across the ocean and in
one fell swoop conquering new wild and un-chartered frontiers.
Today we know Pilgrims were more like today's occupy Wall Street gang, dissidents from the Church of England who first spent years in Holland; then after two months at sea, getting lost, and having to spend winter mostly sick on board, those who survived finally disembarked March 1621 to be greeted by a number of Native Americans who had lived in the area for thousands of years including Squanto, an English-speaking Native American Indian who had earlier been enslaved by English pirates and found his way back home.
Lucky for the settlers because it was Squanto who helped them survive. He taught them how to fish and use fish to fertilize fields; how to identify poisonous plants, and how to grow native vegetables including maize, or corn, after their carefully-packed European wheat seeds didn't sprout.
This was not the familiar sweet corn on the cob we have today but a hard Indian corn which dried naturally and could be ground into cornmeal, to be used in cornbread and to thicken stew. It was also the main component of Indian corn pudding, similar in versatility to "farofa," a toasted flour made out of manioc used in a number of traditional Brazilian dishes.
Numbers vary but I recently read there were 15 settlers and 90 Native Americans at that first 1621 Thanksgiving; the party lasted three days.
There is no written account of the "first" Thanksgiving menu but there are enough historical references confirming the gathering was to celebrate a successful growing season, with the majority of the meal featuring seafood. There was also wild "fowl" including ducks, swans - possibly wild turkey; Wampanoag tribe members brought five deer; there are also references to barley, dried peas and beans, onions, squash and pumpkins.
No pie; there were no ovens then, and little if any sugar or honey. Dessert was most probably nuts, or maybe a concoction of maize with local berries.
No sweet potatoes, either, although when the history teacher told the principal I had "claimed" to have eaten purple potatoes (when we lived in Peru), I remember my mother gently shaking her head at me trying not to smile.
Regardless of who's at your table, and what's on your menu, here's to you and yours having a delicious, and grateful, Thanksgiving!










Charlotte is a Master Gardener and writes about  her garden, honeybees and mice,  at her blog Gardening to Distraction.

Copyright 2011, all rights reserved.

With temperatures dropping, there's another garden-related chore I forgot to mention: wildlife-proofing your home.

Start with checking attics, basements, gutters and garage doors for any small openings or warm spots squirrels, mice and birds might use for shelter. If you store seeds in your garage, that's an invitation for wildlife to break in, especially if winter is challenging and their garden food sources are frozen.

Storing sunflower and other bird seeds in metal garbage cans keeps wildlife out of seeds and helps keep seeds fresh until they're consumed.

Years ago, I also learned to wait to remove birdhouses until after the first frost in case wasps have moved in. I also store birdhouses in my garage with the opening facing the wall so birds aren't encouraged to shop for real estate early in the season.

If you find a possible wildlife hiding spot but aren't sure if there's something in the spot, stuff it with wadded paper and watch it for several days. If the paper hasn't moved, then seal the area up. If the paper moved, then there's a good chance something is using the space.

Attract wildlife out of the space with food nearby in a trap so you can relocate them.

If you have Eastern Japanese beetles coming inside - they look like ladybugs but are green,  orange, yellow and rust-colored - don't squish them, they stain and have a very strong, pungent order. Use a broom or vacuum cleaner to gently knock them off walls, then move them outside away from your house.

If you're using firewood, make sure to stack it away from your house as well.

Even though I do my fall wildlife checks around the house, I generally miss some, especially after bringing deck plants inside. There's usually a lizard, praying mantis or tree frog that ends up on a curtain or door jam, or I'll spot a cat following something moving across the floor. It doesn't take much to invite the visitors back outside.

Several weeks ago, I found a little visitor in the corner of my living room. He must have come in the night before because I recall my cats hanging out in the basement and not coming when I called them, a sure sign they're up to something.

Grabbing a kitchen towel and fully expecting the mouse to jump when I approached it, I was surprised it walked into my hand and promptly fell asleep.

At first I thought maybe it was injured but there were no marks or apparent injuries. After a wift of cheese woke it up long enough to inhale the food, it curled back up to sleep so I tucked the towel under a garden bush away from the house.

Guess dodging cats for 14 hours can be exhausting!












Charlotte is a Master Gardener and writes about  her garden, honeybees and mice,  at her blog Gardening to Distraction.

Copyright 2011, all rights reserved.

Balboa the squirrel just walked by with another love apple in his mouth.

We met under a sofa cover in my den a couple of years ago when he was
still a baby.

He inadvertently spent a weekend closed up in my house.

He used to periodically walk into the den when I left the door open for my
cats and, this particular weekend, I must have missed him sneaking in.

The house looked like they had had quite a party; lamps and books knocked over everywhere.  A trail of  empty sunflower seeds gave him away, and he reluctantly moved back outside with the encouragement of a broom.

Balboa still periodically peeks into the den through the glass door and chatters at me when I'm out on the deck,  calmly helping himself to green pears and most recently, cherry tomatoes.

Tomatoes are originally from South America via Europe. The French perpetuated the charming superstition that people who ate tomatoes fell in love and gave them the nickname "pomme d'amour" or "love apples." 

Although scientifically a fruit, the US Supreme court in 1887 ruled tomatoes were a vegetable and subject to an import tariff with other fruits of the vine like beans, peans and cucumbers.

I've noticed my ripening tomatoes this year need a little help. Because of record hot temperatures, they've either not produced fruit or are ripening unevenly with green patches.
 

I forego buying tomatoes over winter because they are picked so early and so green, they are tasteless. 

By mid-summer, I'm more than ready to add delicious home grown tomatoes to my salads.

They're certainly not as perfect as grocery store tomatoes but there's an easy way to get them ready.

I pop them into a brown bag with an apple, clip the bag top closed, and check the bag every day until the whole tomato is red.

One of my neighbors is also growing tomato plants in his backyard but he's having issues with stink bugs.

I planted marigolds around my tomato plants; a wonderful, easy to grow annual that keeps bad bugs away and that bloom continuously even through record hot weather.

Frankly I don't get excited about holes in plant leaves or seeing bugs in my garden. I want ladybugs, praying mantis and birds around; they are natural predators to the more damaging bugs.

Another friend recently told me he learned to spread corn starch with a fan over his vegetables, a great natural way to discourage bugs from taking the first bite out of your homegrown produce.

In the years I haven't added marigolds, I've used a homemade dormant oil spray:

Hot pepper concentrate
1 unpeeled onion
1 unpeeled head of garlic
1 TBS cayenne pepper
3 pints of water

Use gloves to mix. Simmer for 20 minutes. Cool. Store in refrigerator for 6 weeks or so. Dilute 1 TBSP with 1 pint water. Add dish soap to better stick on leaves. Apply with a spray bottle. Re-apply every other day or so.

Sorry, it doesn't work on squirrels. Balboa seems to think it's a great salad dressing!













Charlotte is a Master Gardener writing her blog, and a weekly newspaper column, on a MO hill
gardening to distraction. Copyright 2011, all rights reserved.

I knew the night I was sitting on my deck and was hit on the head by something grey flying by, I had a bat.

I was wrong; it was a moth.

The Carolina Sphinx Moth has to be one of the - well, cutest - moths around.

It has huge black eyes, and when it's at its full 4-inch size, it does resemble a small bat.

Carolina Sphinx Moths move among flowers at dusk and hang around outside lights at night.

What I didn't expect was to find how they get a start in life as tobacco horn worms.

Yes, those very elegant,  green caterpillars with 7 white stripes down their sides eating our tomato plants for a couple of weeks, fall into soil to pulpate, them metamorphize into these really charming moths.

Boy, did I feel guilty about all the tobacco horn worms I've picked off tomato plants over the years and, without a second thought , dispatched under my shoe.

Not that I don't want tomatoes. Since we're having record hot temperatures, and little is flowering and setting fruit, I decided to let tobacco horn worms eat to their heart's content. After all, don't we all plant far more tomato plants, and get more tomatoes than we can ever eat?

I know I do, and I have more than enough to share.

Guilt is a great motivator.

I have been periodically tempted to use pesticides in my garden but, after thinking about honeybees dying in part because of continued pesticide use, I don't. It's not just because of my honeybees. The trade-off is a few, slightly-munched on tomatoes in exchange for garden helpers who are part of a garden's natural community, with each bug having an important role to play. 

I was watching wild bumblebees walking gingerly through pumpkin blossoms earlier this week, their legs carrying a little yellow pollen from one flower to the next, ensuring I will have pumpkins this fall.

There was also an elegant black and white wasp checking over nearby baby cucumbers. Ever since I realized last year my 30-something year old compact pear tree is now loaded with fruit  because wasps pollinate pear flowers in spring, I don't mind them making nests in some of my birdhouses.

In addition to pollinating flowers, tobacco horn worms are also hosts to wasps, who lay eggs on horn worms.

There are several pesticides that kill horn worms, but  they also kill off all caterpillars. 

I have had  the most amazing crop of Swallowtail butterflies this year; yellow ones, black ones, and even one on US Fish and Wildlife's Endangered Species list, Giant Swallowtail.

Last year, several Swallowtail caterpillars ate one of my potted orange trees back to the trunk. Guess I could have sprayed it, but I didn't.

The potted orange tree is doing fine this year.

Did I mention everything is connected??





Charlotte is a Master Gardener writing her blog, and a weekly newspaper column, on a MO hill gardening to distraction.